Corporate Finance Advisory Lawyer | Getting the deal structure and paperwork right from the start
Summary
Corporate finance advisory covers the legal review and structuring of transactions where a company raises or deploys capital: equity investment rounds, convertible bonds, loan agreements, syndicated financing, and financing components of M&A deals. The core issues are usually not whether a deal happens, but under what terms — valuation mechanics, control rights, security interests, and default remedies. A mismatch between the commercial term sheet and the legal documentation is where most post-closing disputes originate.
Administrative · CorporateRelated law: Commercial Act (상법)Related law: Capital Markets Act (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률)
Corporate Finance Advisory | Which financing structure fits your situation?
Companies typically raise capital through one of these structures, each with different implications for control, repayment obligations, and disclosure. The right choice depends on your growth stage, cash flow, and how much dilution or debt you can absorb.
Equity Investment
Used when a company needs capital without near-term repayment obligations, commonly in venture-backed growth stages.
Repayment obligation
None — investors take equity risk
Control impact
Dilution, board seats, veto rights
Key document
Shareholders' agreement, investment agreement
Typical investor
VC, PE, strategic investor
Preferred shares issued to investors often carry redemption and conversion rights that must be structured under the Commercial Act's preferred stock provisions (상법 제344조 이하).
Convertible/Exchangeable Bonds
Used as a hybrid instrument when parties want debt-like downside protection with upside optionality.
Repayment obligation
Yes, unless converted to equity
Control impact
Deferred dilution upon conversion
Key document
Bond subscription agreement
Typical investor
PE, mezzanine funds
Issuance procedures and conversion terms are governed by the Commercial Act's provisions on convertible bonds (상법 제513조).
Loan / Credit Facility
Used for working capital, capex, or bridge financing where the company can service scheduled repayments.
Repayment obligation
Fixed schedule, interest-bearing
Control impact
Covenants restrict certain actions
Key document
Loan agreement, security agreement
Typical investor
Bank, institutional lender
Security interests such as pledges over shares or receivables are perfected under the Civil Act's provisions on pledges (민법 제345조 이하) or the Act on Registration of Security over Movable Property, Claims, etc.
M&A-Linked Financing
Used when acquisition financing is bundled with the deal itself, such as leveraged buyouts or earn-out structures.
Repayment obligation
Depends on structure (debt/equity mix)
Control impact
Often full change of control
Key document
SPA plus financing agreements
Typical investor
PE, strategic buyer, lender consortium
Deal financing must be reviewed alongside merger and business transfer rules under the Commercial Act (상법 제374조, 제522조).
Corporate Finance Advisory | Term Sheet to Definitive Agreement
A term sheet captures the commercial intent, but it is rarely enforceable in full and often omits mechanics that only surface once the definitive agreement is drafted. Reviewing this gap early prevents renegotiation fights later.
Valuation and anti-dilution mechanics
Pre-money and post-money valuation figures need to be tied precisely to a fully diluted share count, including any option pool top-up, or the founder's actual dilution can differ significantly from what the term sheet implied. Full-ratchet versus weighted-average anti-dilution clauses also produce very different outcomes in a down round.
Liquidation preference stacking
When multiple investment rounds exist, the order and multiple of liquidation preferences determine who gets paid first and how much on an exit or dissolution. Participating preferred structures can leave common shareholders, including founders, with far less than expected even in a profitable exit.
Drag-along and tag-along rights
These provisions determine whether a majority investor can force a sale that binds minority shareholders (drag-along) or whether minority shareholders can join a sale on the same terms (tag-along). Their scope and trigger thresholds are frequently negotiated points in shareholders' agreements.
Corporate Finance Advisory | Covenants, Security, and Default Remedies
Loan and bond documentation is where financing risk is actually allocated. The negotiated covenants and remedies determine how much operational flexibility the company retains and what happens if performance falls short.
Financial and negative covenants
Financial covenants (e.g., debt-to-equity ratio, minimum EBITDA) and negative covenants (restrictions on additional borrowing, asset disposal, dividend payment) can constrain a company's ordinary business decisions for the life of the facility. A breach can trigger cross-default clauses across unrelated facilities, so covenant headroom should be modeled against realistic business projections, not best-case ones.
Security interests and perfection
Security over shares, receivables, or inventory must be properly perfected to be effective against third parties in insolvency, typically through registration or possession depending on the asset type (민법 제349조, 동산·채권 등의 담보에 관한 법률). An unperfected security interest can leave a lender effectively unsecured if the borrower later becomes insolvent.
Regulatory approvals and disclosure
Certain financings trigger reporting or approval obligations, such as large shareholding reports for listed company investments (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률 제147조) or foreign investment notification requirements. Missing a required filing can delay closing or expose the parties to administrative sanctions after the fact.
Corporate Finance Advisory | From Initial Review to Closing
1
Initial consultation and document intake We review the term sheet, cap table, and any prior financing agreements to understand the deal structure and identify issues before drafting begins.
2
Structuring advice Based on the company's stage, tax position, and control priorities, we advise on which instrument (equity, convertible bond, loan) best fits the commercial goal.
3
Drafting and negotiation of definitive documents We draft or review the investment agreement, shareholders' agreement, loan agreement, or security documents and negotiate terms with the counterparty's counsel.
4
Regulatory and internal approval coordination We identify required board or shareholder resolutions under the Commercial Act and any regulatory filings, and coordinate their timing with the closing schedule.
5
Closing and post-closing compliance We support the closing mechanics (fund transfer, share issuance, security registration) and advise on ongoing covenant compliance and reporting obligations.
Corporate Finance Advisory | How Fees Are Calculated
Advisory retainer For ongoing structuring advice across a deal's lifecycle, fees are typically structured as a fixed retainer scoped to the deal stage (structuring, drafting, negotiation) rather than an hourly open-ended arrangement.
Document drafting/review fee For discrete deliverables such as reviewing a single loan agreement or drafting a shareholders' agreement, fees are set based on document complexity and the number of negotiation rounds expected.
Deal-size-linked fee For larger financings or M&A-linked transactions, fees may be partly linked to the transaction size, reflecting the increased scope of due diligence and negotiation involved.
Disbursements Registration fees, notarization costs, and any regulatory filing fees are billed separately as actual costs incurred, not included in the advisory fee.
※ Costs vary depending on case complexity and specific circumstances; exact fees will be provided during consultation. No specific outcome is guaranteed.
Corporate Finance Advisory | Self-Check Before You Sign
1️⃣ For Companies Raising Capital
Does the term sheet specify pre-money valuation on a fully diluted basis?
Have you modeled your actual dilution after the option pool and all prior rounds?
Do the veto rights requested by the investor cover matters beyond what's standard for this round size?
Is there a liquidation preference stack, and where does founder equity fall in it?
2️⃣ For Companies Taking on Debt Financing
Have you stress-tested the financial covenants against a downside business scenario?
Do you know exactly which assets are pledged as security and how they're perfected?
Is there a cross-default clause that links this loan to other existing facilities?
What are the cure periods and notice requirements before a default is declared?
3️⃣ For M&A-Linked Financing
Does the financing agreement's closing condition match the SPA's closing condition exactly?
Who bears the risk if financing falls through after signing but before closing?
Have required board and shareholder resolutions been identified and scheduled?
Are there any regulatory filings (e.g., large shareholding report) triggered by this deal?
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. What does a corporate finance advisory lawyer actually review?
A. The lawyer reviews the term sheet, investment or loan agreement, shareholders' agreement, and any security documents to check whether the legal terms match the commercial intent and to flag risks such as excessive covenants, unclear default triggers, or misaligned control rights. The review also covers whether required corporate approvals and regulatory filings are in place.
Q. Do I need a lawyer if I already have a term sheet from the investor?
A. A term sheet is generally non-binding on most commercial terms and does not capture the full legal mechanics that go into the definitive agreement. Legal review at this stage helps you understand what you're actually agreeing to before the binding documents are signed.
Q. What's the difference between a convertible bond and a straight equity investment?
A. A convertible bond is debt that can convert into equity under specified conditions, giving the investor downside protection through repayment rights while retaining upside potential through conversion (상법 제513조). A straight equity investment carries no repayment obligation but results in immediate dilution and typically comes with governance rights from day one.
Q. What happens if my company breaches a loan covenant?
A. A covenant breach can trigger an event of default, which may allow the lender to accelerate repayment or enforce security, and can also trigger cross-default clauses in other facilities the company holds. Many loan agreements provide a cure period before default is formally declared, so the notice and cure provisions should be checked carefully.
Q. How is a security interest over shares actually created and enforced?
A. A pledge over shares generally requires delivery of the share certificates or, for electronically registered shares, an entry in the relevant securities account, to be effective against the company and third parties (민법 제345조 이하). Without proper perfection, the lender's security may not survive the borrower's insolvency proceedings.
Q. Does raising foreign investment require any special filings?
A. Foreign investment into a Korean company generally requires notification under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, and certain sectors are subject to restrictions or prior approval requirements. The applicable filing depends on the investor's nationality, the target industry, and the investment structure.
Q. What is a drag-along right and why do investors ask for it?
A. A drag-along right allows a majority shareholder (often the lead investor) to force minority shareholders to sell their shares on the same terms if the majority agrees to a sale, which makes the company more attractive to potential acquirers by avoiding holdout minority shareholders. The trigger threshold and price protections for minority shareholders are usually the main negotiation points.
Q. How long does it take to close a typical Series A financing round?
A. Timing varies significantly depending on how much due diligence and negotiation is required, but a straightforward round with a single lead investor and no major legal issues can often close within four to eight weeks from term sheet to funding. More complex rounds with multiple investors or regulatory approvals can take longer.
Q. Can the company renegotiate loan terms after signing if business conditions change?
A. Most loan agreements do not allow unilateral renegotiation, but lenders may agree to amend covenants or repayment schedules through a formal waiver or amendment process, particularly if the company approaches them proactively before a breach occurs. Waiting until after a default is declared significantly weakens the company's negotiating position.
Q. What board or shareholder approvals are needed for a new financing round?
A. Issuing new shares or convertible bonds generally requires a board resolution, and in some cases a shareholders' resolution, depending on the company's articles of incorporation and the type of instrument issued (상법 제416조, 제513조). These approvals should be scheduled well before the closing date to avoid delays.
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